Israeli-Palestinian conflict communication

Israeli-Palestinian encroach converseCHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Definition of CommunicationAlthough communicating is omnipresent, it appears nonetheless difficult to define. Different individuals define talk in various slipway dep devastationing upon their interests. Ruben (1984) says that communication is all information related behaviour mend Dale (1969) says it is the sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of mutuality. Other definitions emphasise the signification of symbols, as in Berelson and Steiner (1964) The transmittance of information, ideas, emotions and skill by the use of symbols, and Theodorson (1969) the transmission of information, ideas, attitudes, or emotion from one person or group to an other(a), principally through symbols.The Universal Law of Communication renders that all living entities communicate. through blendment, sounds, reactions, gestures, language and among others (S. F, Scudder, 1900.In his research, Prof. Albert Mehrabian (UCLA, 1 967) identified three major parts that comport importee in human slope to face communication bole language, voice tonality, and words. He determined how people make meaning when a speaker says one thing plainly pith another. If the speaker is send a mixed message the listener go away rely on the following cues to determine true meaning. He found that 55% of doctor is determined by body language-postures, gestures, and eye contact, 38% by the step of voice, and 7% by the content or the words spoken. Although the exact fortune of influence may differ due to variables such as the perceptions or biases of the listener and the speaker, communication as a whole is meant to convey meaning and gum olibanum, in some founts, digest be universal.Hence, communication roll in the hay be classified into three typesNon-Verbal Communication which includes sending and receiving messages through gestures, body language, nervus facialis expression and eye contacts.Visual Communication i s through using ocular aids that can be read and look upon such as signs, typography, drawing, graphic design and illustration.Verbal or Oral Communication is eachinformation that is transferred from a sender to fulfilr usually by a verbal means precisely visual aid can support the process and it includes speeches, presentations and discussions.2.1 efficacious CommunicationEffective communication is genuinely alpha for working luckyly with other people, groups or countries. It enables us to maintain relationships and accomplish tasks with them. The efficientness of any communication is judged by how closely the receivers understanding matches the senders intent. In the final analysis, the simply message that matters is the one the other person receives (Dave Sharpe, 1991, Circular 1291).The dickens ways flow of communication is commonly addressed in social communication with two elaborations of Shannons simulate which is a good deal labelled as the action precedent of communication the interactive lesson and the trans-active work. (Weiner, 1948, 1986). This can be illustrated in the following diagramThe key concept associated with this elaboration is that destinations provide feedback on the messages they receive such that the information sources can adapt their messages, in real time. This is an important elaboration, and as generally depicted, a radically oversimplified one. Feedback is a message (or a set of messages). The source of feedback is an information source. The consumer of feedback is a destination. Feedback is transmitted, received, and potentially disrupted via affray sources. None of this is visible in the typical depiction of the interactive mold. This doesnt come the sizeableness of feedback or the usefulness of elaborating Shannons model to include it. mess rattling do adapt their messages based on the feedback they receive. It is useful, however, to notice that the interactive model depicts feedback at a much higher l evel of abstraction than it does messages (Davis Foulger, 2004). This dissimilarity in the level of abstraction is addressed in the transactional model of communication. This can be shown in table 2 which depicts the Transactional moulding of CommunicationThis model acknowledges neither creators nor consumers of messages, preferring to label the people associated with the model as communicators who some(prenominal) realize and consume messages. The model presumes humanitarianal symmetries as well, with each participant creating messages that argon received by the other communicator. This is, in more ways, an excellent model of the face-to-face interactive process which extends readily to any interactive strong point that provides users with symmetrical interfaces for creation and consumption of messages. It is, however, a distinctly interpersonal model that implies equateity betwixt communicators that often doesnt exist, regular in interpersonal contexts (Hopper, 1992). I n case of the Israeli Palestinian run afoul, the one that is more powerful may tend to live on the communication and thus, creating more barriers to communication to solve the unconnected issues.2.2 Definition of ConflictMost contests result as a state of dis organization stemming from perceived values, beliefs, interests, endings and motives. It can be in the midst of individuals, groups or surrounded by two countries. Research carried out on sleep and action assumes that participations be the expression of opposing interests, that they are characteristic for modern societies and that they are enzootic in modern societies.A remainder exists when two people need to carry out acts which are in return inconsistent. It is resolved when some mutually compatible set of actions is worked out. The definition of conflict can be extensive from individuals to groups (such as states or nations), and more than two parties can be multiform in the conflict. The principles remai n the same. (M. Nicholson 199211)2.3 Defining the Israeli- Palestinian ConflictHistory created factious issues between some(prenominal) Israelis and Palestinians. The land of Judea1, was conquered by the Roman Empire and named nirvana and it was further conquered and inhabited by Arabs for a thousand years. Before Britain conquered capital of Israel and the surrounding area known to be Palestine, in November 1917, the Balfour Declaration2 was issued. This announcement declared that Britain support the creation of a National Homeland of the Jewish People in Mandated Palestine without violating the rights of the existing Arab population. This eventually led to rioting and pogroms against Jews creating a history of enmity between Jews and Arabs. Following the humankind War II (1939-1945), in which more than six million Jews were killed by the Nazis, pressure increase for the creation of a Jewish State. The united Nations Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) held that Palesti ne be partitioned into an Arab State and a Jewish State. In 1947, the United Nations ordinary Assembly adopted the partition plan (UN solvent GA 181) and the modern state of Israel (Medinat Yisrael) was created and independence was declared on 14 May 1948 and David Ben Gurion become the get-go Prime Minister.The Arabs rejected the partitioned plan and refused to severalise Israel and struggles broke out in 1948 known as War of independence and the Jews won decisively expanding their State territories. The conflict go on to mysticen without any concrete solutions to the chores. In 1956, the abet war broke out with Egypt (Sinai War) and in 1967 another war occurred (Six-day War) followed by War of Attrition in 1968 qualification the conflict worse. In 1973, the Arabs Countries tried to invade and attack Israel (Yom Kippur War) nevertheless failed as Israel retaliated strategically to defend herself. There were many terror raids and Israeli reprisals. In 1982 and 2006 war b roke out between Israel and Lebanon making hundreds of victims on both slopes. Two Intifadas3 in broke out in 1983 and 2000 and the violence continued to increase and thus reducing the prospect of cessation treaty. In December 2008 Israel launched an rare attack on Gaza Strip (Cast Lead Operation) to stop the firing of shortsighted range missiles (rockets) leading to the Israeli Palestinian peace talk to collapse. apiece side believes different versions of the same history and slews the conflict as completely the fault of the other (Ami Isseroff June 2009).2.4 Rethinking the Two-State Solution (Maj. Gen. Giora Eiland, 2008)The Washington Institute for Near east PolicyThough all conflicts nominate their own distinctive features, the Israeli Palestinian conflict is singular in various aspects. In the first place, it not a territorial dispute involving two parties but likewise a home on which one nation is under business organization by another (Focus Policy 88, 2008).In t he work Rethinking the Two-State Solution the fuss this conflict creates has implication beyond the specific interest of the disputing parties (Griora Eiland Al, 2008). However, it is believed that this conflict quandary is at the root of the Middle East unrest link to the Persian nuclear threat and other global challenges. There appears to be a clear world-wide interest to resolve the conflict ranging from the Oslo Accords4 to the capital of Maryland Conference5 to support the general lift of the two-state solution. Yet, the Oslo Accord created an illusion that the situation was changing and though after its collapse, it maybe possible to reach a political agreement. Many Israelis are come to that pursuing such an agreement is a lose-lose situation as Palestinians go forth not meet their end of bargain (Yehuda Ben Meir and Dafna Shaked, 2007)The paradox for the moment between the conflicting parties is that they truly do not desire the conventional two state approach and the Arab World specially Jordan and Egypt are not supportive to it as the success is slim and the political risk is high for both leaders. Today, the conflict has surpassed the classical view and has become a conflict against the rise of revolutionary in the expanse (Tzipi Livni, 2008). However, the problems still remains regarding the gag rule issues in the land that Palestinians claim for their succeeding(a) state, Jerusalem where both nationalists and religions are intertwined, security arrangements, the refugees status and their rights of returns and the smuggling of weapons by terrorist groups through their armed allies like Lebanese Hezbollah and the Iranian regime that calls for the destruction of Israel (Natasha Gill, 2008).2.5 Inter pagan or Cross- Cultural Communication, Dialogue and Perception replace overInterethnical communication involves the investigation of culture and the difficulties of communicating across cultural boundaries. Intercultural communication occur s whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture (Samovar Porter, 1982).Since all aspects of communication are both, a response to and a function of our culture, kindlyisation in a culture determines what communicative behaviours are perceived as appropriate or desirable within a given context (Samovar Porter, 1982). In addition to the use of verbal messages, during face-to-face interaction a great peck of information about personality, beliefs, values, and accessible status are transmitted and interpreted, often subconsciously, through non-verbal channels (Birdwhistell,1970 Burgeon et al., 1989 Mehrabian, 1969, 1972). The meaning of both verbal and sign(a) messages is drawn upon past experiences, personal knowledge of language and word meaning, and the social context in which a communicative event occurs.In intercultural encounters, discover behaviours may be interpreted by applying cultural frameworks that are inappropriate to the context in which the communication takes place, thus resulting in misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and even in interdict stereotyping (Brislin, Cushner, Cherrie Young, 1982).While stereotyping responds to a human tendency towards categorisation and reduction of highly complex realities, negative stereotypes and prejudice are definite obstacles to successful intercultural communication and mutual understanding. In order for these barriers to be lowered, consumeers need to scram awareness and understanding of their own, as well as of their interactants, cultural universe, including beliefs, values, customs, habits or life styles (Samovar Proter, 1982)At the International Association For Conflict Management one-year Convention held in Spain in 1999, two basic chaseions were raised which concerned the role of culture and particularly religious culture and the impact of dialogue and contact in improving the Israeli- Palestinian conflict (Dr Mollov Dr Laive,1999). In his seminal re alist theory of international relations, Hans J. Morgenthau gave little importance to cultural discourse between nations but instead he laid emphasis on the shake up of power and interest. Therefore, there is a need to reach stability by attaining viable isotropys of power and the exercise of responsible diplomacy (Morgenthau, 1969).Recent researchers charter emphasised that the importance of the cultural variables can either dish out to move forward or backward understandings between nations (Cohen, 1990). Inter-civilisation conflict like the Israeli- Palestinian conflict has put forward that international stability can amelioration by nations by discovering and developing intercultural understanding and appreciation with each other (Huntington, 1996) and recent research in the field of political psychology showed the importance of culture and psychological perceptions in politics (Pye, 1997).The research carried out by the Interdisciplinary Department of Social Science of Bar Ilan University, Israel, concentrated on evaluating the impact of inter-group and inter-personal communication based on mutual perception change between Israelis and Palestinians. According to the Social Scientist Karl Deutsch, there is a need to suss out the foundations of partnership construction between nations in the form of amalgamated or pluralistic security communities where there is need of interpersonal ties and the intensity of social communication in the creation and upholding of such communities (Deutsch, 1957).The work of peace create is much affected by perception change and the quality of interpersonal interactions. The investigation of the numerous aspects of inter-group communication emphasise the decisive elements and conditions for effective encounters including equal status contacts that should too be intimate rather than casual encounters for building efforts of cooperation, relations and institutional (Amir, 1969).In a series of dialogue held between a gro up of Palestinian students and Israeli students which lasted for four years, from 1994 to 1999, focused on commonalities between Islam and Judaism and this led to a spin off cooperative efforts and increased cooperation and interactions between the two groups of students from both sides. There were reports of warm atmosphere during face to face meetings and this attributed that achievement to the discovery of commonalities in the others religious culture (Mollov and Barhoum, 1998). well-nigh 90 students had participated in this initiative and at the end of it, there was arrogant development of family visitation and strong friendships that developed during the process and hence in wake of violent events both issued condemnation and condolences.2.6 The Israeli- Egyptian conflict result as a referenceScholar Raymond Cohen has written about how miscommunication can occur when even elite specialists and diplomats must negotiate across cultural boundaries. One of his examples focuses on the Egyptian-Israeli conflict through the 1970s. He questions why, throughout the fifties and 1960s, Israeli deterrence based on large-scale use of lodge against Egypt for terrorist attacks emanating out of Egypt against Israel, failed to actually deter attacks.A cultural analysis revealed deep differences between Israeli and Egyptian understandings relating to violence, revenge, and vendetta. He concluded that Israels use of grand force violated Egyptian understandings about culturally appropriate vengeance and retribution. In particular, Israelis misunderstood Egyptian conventions of appropriate proportionality in these matters. The cultural logic of Israeli deterrence was that the more disproportionate the punishment the great the compliance. But Egyptians understood matters differently. What they regarded as highly disproportionate vengeance on Israels part had the effect of shaming and humiliating them, leading to a serious wrong of honor in a culture where honor is deep ly valued. To efface the shame and regain the lost honor, Egypt supported further attacks against Israel. The effect Israelis hoped to achieve, Egyptian compliance in stopping cross-border attacks to avoid mounting reprisals, was not achieved. Israeli action produced the opposite effect, providing Egyptians with strong reasons to ensure their support of incursions into Israel. In this case cultural misunderstandings led to an intensification of the conflict, producing what is sometimes called a conflict spiral. Ultimately, this cost many lives on both sides (Kevin Avruch CROSS-CULTURAL CONFLICT, 2004).The former President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, made an rare gesture by visiting Israel though there were no ties between Israel and Egypt, to reinforce a positive cultural and perception and change to the negative cross cultural differences between the two nations. This led both countries to come on out of the hatred and miscommunication and together, not only Israelis and Egyptians un derstood each others but also their Leaders Former Israeli Prime Minister, Shamir and Former Egyptian President Sadat signed peace agreements (Camp David Treaty) under the ageis of the United States in the 1970s. all(a) these were possible because both sides made unprecedented moves to understand their cultural differences for peace in the region, eliminating their barriers of communication like language, religion, hatred, wrong communication channels, stereotyping and perception and also avoiding confrontation. The same happened with Jordan in 1994 leading to full diplomatic relationship with the second Arab/Muslim province after Egypt and later followed by Azerbaijan.2.7 The Palestinians Unilateral Kosovo strategy Implications for the PA and Israel Dan Diker (Jan 2010) Article No. 575- Jerusalem Centre for Public personal businessThe Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas new precondition that the international community recognise the 1967 lines in the West Bank as the n ew Palestinian border bolsters the assessment that the Palestinians have largely abandoned a negotiated settlement and instead are actively pursuing a unilateral approach to statehood. Senior Palestinian officials note that Palestinian unilateralism is modelled after Kosovos February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia. European and U.S. support for Kosovos unilateral declaration has led the Palestinian leadership to determine that geopolitical conditions are ripe to seek international endorsement of its unilateral statehood bid, despite the fact that leading international jurists have suggested that the cases of Kosovo and thePalestinian Authorityare historically and legally different. The Palestinians are legally bound to negotiate a reversible solution with Israel. Unilateral Palestinian threats to declare statehood have been rebuffed thus far by the European powers and the United States. The Palestinian Kosovo strategy includes a campaign of delegitimisation of Israel, seeking to isolate Israel as a pariah state, small-arm driving a wedge between Israel and the United States. The unilateral Palestinian bid for sovereignty will also potential turn the Palestinians into the leading petitioner against the State of Israel at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Although the Palestinian Authority is not a state and therefore should have no legal standing before the court, the petition it submitted to the court after theGazawar (Cast lead Operation) was not rejected by the ICC.Finally, a unilateral Palestinian quest for the 1947 lines may well continue even if the 1967 lines are endorsed by the United Nations. The Palestinian Liberation Organisations (PLO) 1988 declaration of independence was based on UN General Assembly Resolution 181, which recognises the 1947 partition plan for Palestine, not the 1967 lines, as the alkali for the borders of Israel and an Arabstate.2.8 Cooperation and Conflict in NegotiationNegotiation refers to a pro cess in which conflicting parties work together to formulate an agreement over the disputes affecting them (Rubin Brown, 1975). The process of negotiation assumes that the disputing parties are willing to communicate and to generate offers, counter-offers, or both. Agreement occurs if and only if the offers made are accepted by both of the parties. Negotiation is comprised of several key components like the disputing parties interests, alternatives, process and the negotiated outcomes that are likely to come in the phases of negotiation during preparation, debating and proposing, bargaining and finalising legal aspects and follow-up (Neale Northcraft, 1991).In his research, Morton Deutsch concluded that most conflicts involve a mix of cooperative and matched motives. His theory of cooperation and competition serves as a guideline to understand conflict processes and resolutions (Deutsch, 2000). Accordingly, a key element to understand this is to find out the goal interdependence between the conflicting parties. It may also be that the goals are negative leading to a win-lose situation. The disputing parties goals being positively interdependent will yield cooperative relationship for a win-win situation.Deutschs research suggests that constructive processes of conflict resolution are similar to cooperative processes of problem solving and the unwholesome processes of conflict resolution are similar to competitive processes. A informal gesture tends to suggest cooperative responses and for competitive responses stir up wary and domineering attitudes (Deutsch, 2000).The theory of cooperation and competition implies one to understand conflict, the practice of conflict worry, and conflict resolution. A cooperative orientation on the part of the disputing parties will tend to facilitate constructive resolution of the conflict. Deutsch highlights that social support is very important to create and maintain such cooperative orientation (Deutsch, 2000). positi ve resolution is more likely to take place when the conflicting parties would be able to reframe their understanding of their goal and conflict. This will help to adhere to norms, values, respect, silver dollar and seeking common grounds to find resolutions. Additionally, effective conflict management requires skills and knowledge to establish and maintain effective working relationships leading to problem solving and decision making (Deutsch, 2000)2.9 Irish Pact Is Mixed Model for Middle-EastArticle Newsday (1998, April 1) -Washington Near East InstituteAuthor Robert SatloffThe Israelis and Palestinians have to learn a lot from the Northern Ireland peace accord that solved the conflict in 1998. Both had a common legacy of terrorism with thousands victims. The two conflicts are fundamentally different and the solutions reached are very different, too but the peace process between Israelis and Palestinians does have an important lesson for Northern Ireland The lens hood part is imp lementing an agreement, not reaching it.The conflict has involved the threat of war and neighbouring countries fought five wars during the last 50 years and most Arabs insisted that settlement footing would require the dismantling of the Jewish state and sent most Israelis to their country of origin. The nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict has calmed over the past two decades, with Israels signing of peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan and this lead to reconciliation with the Palestinians in the Oslo accords.Since Ireland gained its independence, the idea of war between the Irish and the British has been unthinkable. In contrast, few Middle Easterners doubt that the easing of most, which have come to terms with Israel, is only a function of the balance of power.If the Arabs were stronger, Israel weaker and America indifferent, the chorus of throw the Jews into the sea would almost surely be as popular in official Arab circles as, sadly, it is today. If one is able to impel the I sraelis that Arab intentions have changed irrevocably, peace would be at hand.In the Palestinian-Israeli context, this would translate into an elaboration of the current bilateral negotiation into a trilateral process that includes Jordan, which control the West Bank before Israel. Indeed, there is general recognition in the region that while there may be a bilateral contractual solution for the West Bank, there will, in the end, be a trilateral arrangement governing many of its political, economic and military aspects.An evenly important lesson is dont ever try to dictate terms of an agreement (President Clinton, 1998). As history has shown, American engagement in diplomacy is necessary for its success, but not sufficient. The Israelis and Palestinians dont need a distinguished ex-senator such as George Mitchell to help them achieve their own solution they already made their own deal, without rank U.S. assistance, at Oslo.Therefore, to further research on how the Israeli Palesti nian conflict can be solved through effective communication, there is a need to adopt a new approach that of using effective communication. In this regards, there is a need to provide solutions to the exiting on-going problems that lead to peace agreements and where two people can live side by side in harmony, strategic cooperation and trust without being affected by extremist ideologies that would ruin the peace prospect.University of Technology, MauritiusThe Ancient Kingdom of Judah of the IsraeliteA letter issued to churchman Rothschild by the Zionist Movement of Great BritainThe uprising of the Palestinians against Israelis through waves of violenceDeclaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of PrinciplesA conference held in 2007 to produce a substantive document on resolving theIsraeli-Palestinian conflictalong the lines of President George W. BushsRoadmap For Peace