Human development Essay

Life bugger offs at conception. Immediately fertilization takes stake changes and events occur that will de lineine the kind of person to be born. This query tries to find out the mental picture of early purport on the later life of an individual. And if early life affects the later life of the individual, then do pincerren who grow up in violent communities turn oer a propensity to read violent miens as adults? The seek will apply the cross-sectional design. People who differ in succession argon studied at the same time. A comparison of age related changes and the social behavior is done.A hypothesis is put for state of ward and a cross-sectional look into is done to test it. sensation advantage of this design is that one arse collect data from different ages of children over a short closure of time. Stages of human go badment After fertilization takes place, the zygote is turned. The zygote undergoes carrel division some hours after it is formed. It takes one w eek to reach the uterus. In the uterus in that location occurs implantation. The zygote raises connection to the blood vessels. This process takes well-nigh one week(Brian & Scott, 2005). After the zygote completely implant into the uterus, it becomes the embryo.This stage occurs between the 3rd week and the 9th week. During this stage the human dust structure start to develop. The internal organs in addition start developing. The embryo consist of leash floors the ectoderm, the outer layer the endoderm, the middle layer and the endoderm, inner layer. The ectoderm develops into the kowtow and hair the mesoderm develops into bones , cartilages and the cardiovascular system the third layer develops into the internal organs . The heart start switching after quadruple weeks. By 8 well-nigh body organs can be seen in although non well developed. Brian and Scott, 2005 ). The embryo rest in the amnic sac which contains amniotic fluid.This fluid protects it. The embryo is conne cted to the suffer via the placenta and the umbilical cord cord. The instruction of the embryo follows two principles the cephalocaudal i. e it develops from head towards the legs and the proximodistal the parts arise the centre of the body develops first e. g the arm develops before the pass (Lichtenberg & Norton,1970). The third stage is the Fetus stage. This stars from the ninth week. At this stage, most body organs start to work. there is remarkable increase weight. During this period, the body systems like the respiratory system develop. The foetus can move and play in the uterus. It can hear the heart mothers hear beat and the mother speak. It can detect flavor. The fetuss senses argon developed. The stunning influence can shake off a lifetime effect on the fetus. A look for done by deCasper and Spence( cited in Lorraine ) turn ins that the last a few(prenominal) months of prenatal developments can shape the life of the newborn infant. It can afford either positiv e or negative effect on the infant.For typesetters case extreme air in the mother can break some(prenominal) set up First, the stress tigress the production of hormones which reduces the level of oxygen consumption of the fetus. Second, stress may affect eating habits of the mother thus affecting the fetus in turn. Third, it may ca give the mother not to take onto method of accounting resting, exercising and may influence her to drink. All these draw negative effect on the fetus (Joseph , & Sandraw,1994). The mothers age. The mothers age seems to have an effect on the newborn baby. For instance adolescent mothers mothers argon likely to have problems during motherliness and during birth.This is because they may not have the resources and skills to go by them a good prenatal care. Again children born by teenage mothers may have problems. However a study ( Leavitt, 1993) revealed that it is the environmental and sparing background that affect the child and not necessaril y the age of the mother. alike the prenatal care given to the mother determines the behavior of the child. Nevertheless, older women, over 35 years devour more than problems during pregnancy than younger women. They also record higher rates of miscarriage and Down s syndrome (Cited in Nelson).In general, for a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby, the age of the mother should be between 20 to 35 years. Teratogens. Drugs, deseases and environmental harzards. Teratotegen is any(prenominal)thing that affect a pregnancy. Some teratogens are Drugs many an(prenominal) drugs consumed by pregnant women pose expectant danger to the fetus and the mother. This was discovered after a drug called thalidomide caused women to nurse children with malformed body organs. Thalidomide was macrocosm used by pregnant women to hang them sleep Other examples of teratogens are alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine and cigarettes. Joseph & Sandraw, 1994).Diseases Some diseases do not have any sober e ffect on the pregnant women. However most viral and bacterial diseases have effect on the pregnancy. The most serious ones are AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis and genital herpes. These may cause low resistive system and various disorders in the unborn (Lichtenberg & Norton, 1970). Environmental hazards The wastes from the industries contain chemicals. These chemicals may be absorbed into the mothers body in niggling quantities through breathing and drinks. These cause big(p) damage to the fetus since they are teratogens.Environmental teratogens are more serious because the mother may not be aware that she is taking it. Thus she may not have control over it. (Joseph &Sandraw, 1994). However some teratogens may be avoided peculiarly those set up in food as food additives. Freud(1954) suggested that life starts at birth. Most psychoanalysts of his time believed so. They believed that the brain developed at infancy. Winnicot(cited in Freud) did a research which found that the experience of the unborn is very important the infant. It could have emotional implications that could affect the person even as an adult.Winnicott observed children and power saw that there very many differences. He noted that problems caused during labor could appall the baby who develops a consider of distress. He conclusively said that the experience gained in the womb remain in memory for a lifetime. In the womb, damagetized fetus even develops defensive mechanisms to face the expected trouble. Later research therapists conducted research and were able to conclude that early trauma created a lot of fear for the rest of the life of the infant. The feelings of anxiety, seeing being devoured by ogres, move into a bottomless bit are as a go of early trauma.An example is given of an infant who was mistakenly receptive to shivery in a very cold night (Lorraine). This child unceasingly dreamt lying in the refrigerator and this continued even after 30 years. This destines that early tra uma caused the infant to expect disaster at any time. However the discovery of the effect of perinatal trauma on the life of an individual helped therapists to treat patients with problems related to early trauma (Freud, 1954). Recent research by perinatal psychologists, neurobiologists, data-based psychologists has shown great connection of foetal trauma to problems experienced later in life.Initially biologists used to think that the fetus had incomplete myelination of neurons and therefore it could not have memories. Research shows that the thinly medullated nerves of fetus can transmit waves but at a lower rate. Joseph et al.. Thus the experience gained in the womb may make one to be aware of craze, disaster lack faith. With this in mind, parents have started to consider the unborn as part of the extremity of the family. A yield who played a game with a baby and the mother found that the next baby easily learnt the game.These parents tried to avid any experiences that may ca use fetal distress (Lichtenberg & Norton,1970). Fourteen independent studies have shown the kin between prenatal maternal anxiety and emotional distress in the child. Prenatal stages are likely to be affected by antenatal stress. These reports have suggested that maternal distress affect the fetus as prove by increased fetal heart rate (FHR). This is done by use of ultrasound and monitoring FHR over long periods of time. Both the experimental and distress induced study design have been employed to arrive at this.For a normal case, at about the 15th week of the pregnancy fetal movements exhibit a certain pattern. As developments progress the fetal movements become dependent on circumstantial heart rate pattern. These patterns ultimately develop into sleep-wake patterns which characterize stable temporal origination near term. There is a relationship between body movements and FHR accelerations. Fetal behavior is create in rest activity or sleep- wake cycle (Lichtenberg & Nort on, 970). publication war and social violence Family violence and trauma caused by war are passed through generations.Adults who were exposed to abuse and violence are more likely to show violence to their own offspring. They have difficulty forgetting their quondam(prenominal) and live normally. War and violence are everywhere in our societies. Many ethnic clashes continue for years and our children are being exposed to their effects. The children are being thought that disputes are being solved by use of violence. This violence is passed from generation to generation. Research and behavioral science has began to confront the problems of children exposed to violence. (Heidi, 2002).Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in the preponderance of municipal violence. Domestic violence has severe effect on families and high society in general. Domestic violence can be in the form physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse. Exposure to violence creates traumat ic stress. Traumatic stress can be either short term or long-term. Terr ( cited in Brian & Scott, 20005) describes short term trauma as casing I e. g a single event of rape or beating. He described repeated or prolonged trauma as Type II. Type II has more serious effects than type I.Individual exposed to this kind of trauma may develop Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD makes one to show routine withdrawal and oversensitivity. Many children from domestic violence homes show levels of (PTSD) (Leavitt, 1993). If untreated, the children exhibit violent behaviors, delinquency and other social and psychological problems. Since young child do have the ability to express themselves verbally, the emotional problems developed are behavioral such as lack of sleep, feeding problems, inability to concentrate, recluse and physical complaints.The pre-adolescents child may in addition to the above problems show loss of interest in peers, poor self concept violence,, resistant behavior and temper out bursts. Adolescents are likely to fail academically and start abusing drugs. Youth who exhibit violent behaviors can be traced to families experiencing domestic violence. An estimated 20% 30% of dating teenagers abuse or are being abused by their partners mentally, sexually, emotionally or physically. Between 30% and 50 % of adult relationships show the same cycle of violence (Leavitt, 1993)Nelson ( 2000), points out that familiarity violence also has an impact on children who were victimized or who witnessed member of community or family members being victimized get affected. The effect of violence spread to even those children who are not directly affected by violence. Violence tampers with activities of the child which might make the child a meliorate person. Impact of violence on the child depends on the level of development of the child. Early exposure to violence is more detrimental than later exposure( p. 266) In 1995 FBI report it reported that 27% of all vi olent crime problematic domestic violence.All forms of violence affect the childs mind. One study was done to show the connection between the brain and mortals violence. Psychologists observed brain imaging data for a great number of people with violent behaviors. The research focused on specific brain regions. One was the orbital frontal cortex and the amyglada. The results showed that most of the cases, there was absence of normal activity in the orbital and anterior regions. opus the shoed normal activity. The two regions will not counteract and this may explain some people are hyper aroused ( Lorraine).