Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory

Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mother’s pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face.The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely inject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a child’s immune system can protect them from the majorit y of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents’ fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that â€Å"every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that people's natural defenses are caught completely unprepared†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http://www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that â€Å"childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year†( http://vaccines. procon. org/#background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals don’t receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened betwee n January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that â€Å"thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism† was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the public’s chances of not getting diseases, â€Å"communities must maintain a herd immunity†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. co m/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits.The CDC found that â€Å"every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs†(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immun izations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mother’s pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face.The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely inject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a child’s immune system can protect them from the majorit y of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents’ fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that â€Å"every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that people's natural defenses are caught completely unprepared†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http://www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that â€Å"childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year†( http://vaccines. procon. org/#background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals don’t receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened betwee n January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that â€Å"thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism† was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the public’s chances of not getting diseases, â€Å"communities must maintain a herd immunity†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. co m/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits.The CDC found that â€Å"every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs†(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immun izations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another

Tuition reimbursement

Organizations which fail to empower their human resources through putting in place proper knowledge management policies fail to benefit optimally from the potential in their employees. Tuition reimbursement is the best form of employee empowerment. Introduction Business organizations more than ever before are faced with a great risk of high employee turnover. To keep employees contented and well motivated, the organization must be seen to be genuinely interested in employee career growth and development.There is no better way to do this than tuition reimbursement study program for employees which enables employees to enroll for relevant courses as adult learners. The duty of companies in the whole program is the provision of financial help to meet the cost of education of the adult learners. The companies also contribute by providing adequate time for the employees. Tuition reimbursement programs are very important to an organization in a number of ways. Tuition reimbursement program s have been found to have a positive correlation with employee productivity (Kiser, 1999).This implies an increase in the productivity capability of a company especially considering the fact that, employees who undergo the program attain new skills and are either able to perform more effectively, or could as well increase their output in that, they become able to use new technologies for instance IT based technologies in their tasks. Employees who have been through these programs are also capable off executing more complex tasks faster and more effectively than their counterparts who lack that additional knowledge.Alternatively, the employees are more empowered to increase their performance in comparison with their past performances. According to (Kitano, & Morey, 1996) employee view tuition reimbursement programs as a sign of confidence and trust the company has in them, this in turn is reciprocated by their employees becoming more loyal and committed to their duties compared to th e period before. To some employees, the effect of such supportive and empowerment program is so big that, they become more loyal, submissive and committed in their duties following such decisions by their employers to cater for their education needs (Keegan, 1994).Employee tuition reimbursement programs have been found to indirectly contribute to the companies’ growth considering the fact that, the workers become more loyal, committed, skillful and effective as a result of the tuition reimbursement programs. Tuition reimbursement most likely leads to companies saving costs associated with the process of always having to always hire and train new employees as well as the time it takes for new recruits to settle upon being recruited.The process of hiring new staff is both time consuming and capital intensive and therefore not cost effective therefore any effort which can counter this is welcome by companies as a lifeline. Tuition reimbursement programs are very good at this. Th e federal government encourages companies to offer tuition reimbursement by in turn giving tax benefits to those companies which offer such programs. Therefore, tuition reimbursement is in that way, an advantage to companies in that, they stand to save expenditure while at the same gaining from a more empowered workforce.Tuition reimbursements are beneficial to employees who improve their worthiness through acquisition of more skills. In an increasingly competitive, market environment, employees stand better chances of getting promotions or jobs elsewhere if they posses more qualifications. Tuition reimbursement empowers employees and positions them strategically to compete in an increasingly competitive job market. Tuition reimbursement programs grants employees a chance to relive their unachieved dreams especially in terms of unattained academic qualifications.This further improves the connection between employees and their employers, a bond which every company longs to have in th e work place. According to (Greengard, 1999), tuition reimbursement achieves the desired learning in adult learners who are considered as pursuing academics with a clear focus especially considering the fact that, they can clearly link class theories and concepts with real life situations, this is what is the aim of any educational program.Therefore, adult learning is very beneficial to adults and all the gains are likely to trickle down to the company once the adult learner has grasped the intended skills. Unlike beginners who do not have any practical experience on their job tasks, adult learners easily connect theories and apply such to difficult issues in the work place to accomplish difficult tasks which an employee who is fresh from college may find impossible to accomplish. Tuition reimbursement is not a perfect program and therefore it has its own downfalls and challenges.First of all, adult learners are usually psychologically and unprepared for classroom teaching especiall y whereby they have to go back to colleges and study in integrated classes with young students. Some feel out of place and this can greatly affect their performance in the different courses they intend to pursue. This has been found to be a major set back in the tuition reimbursement program. The fact that, the tuition programs meet the tuition costs associated with learning leaves the adult learners with a financial burden to deal with.Some of the adult are barely financially well up and the learning program may mess up their finances and therefore interfere with their normal lives. This can be a source of stress in some occasions something which can cause job related stress hence affect job performance. The tuition reimbursement programs may also become a source of frustration for employees who attend such courses with high ambitions and yet fail to realize such dreams even after attaining the academic credentials.For instance, most employees enroll in such learning employees in a bid to gain promotions once they graduate, when ever their expectations are not met, this could prove a challenge for the employee and therefore lead the employee to be de-motivated or to leave the job altogether. Companies risk losing incase employees decide to search for better jobs after a lot has been spend on their training. This especially happens in situations whereby, employees are not genuinely interested in staying in their current jobs but see the learning opportunities as a chance to better their employment chances.Other challenges of implementing such programs include, as improved expenditure and therefore loss of profits, loss of time, the risk of loosing the companies to better paying companies or competitors once the company has invested heavily on the training as well as the fact that, some employees never show any meaningful improvement job performance despite the company spending too much money in their training are nothing compared to the benefits resulting ther eafter.Conclusion In light of the above mentioned advantages of tuition reimbursement programs, there is a need for organizations to incorporate tuition reimbursement programs in their employee development plans. Companies need to view these programs as beneficial to them only if the companies are ready to utilize them. The challenges which companies expect to gain as a result of the tuition reimbursement programs are nothing compared to the numerous benefits as listed above.However, all sides should be considered before an organization decides to support such programs. Advantages of the tuition reimbursement programs are numerous and include amongst others, winning employee loyalty, increased productivity, attraction of the best talent, decreased employee turnover, increased employee motivation, the tax benefits associated with the tuition reimbursement programs as well as increasing literacy levels in the society and improvement of service delivery as a result of well trained and qualified staff.From the analysis above, it is evident that, organizations which fail to empower their human resources through putting in place proper knowledge management policies are likely fail to benefit optimally from the potential in their employees. Tuition reimbursement is the best form of employee empowerment as it brings a lot of advantages not only to the company but also to the employees. ReferencesGreengard, S. 1999. Web-Based Training Yields Maximum Returns. Workforce. 78[2]. Keegan, D. 1994. Otto Peters on Distance Education: The Industrialization of Teaching and Learning. New York. Routledge. Kiser, K. 1999. 10 things we know so far about online training. Training, 36 [11]. Kitano, M. & Morey, A. 1996. Multicultural Course Transformation in Higher Education. Old Tappan, NJ: Allyn & Bacon.

The Career Opportunities in Various Fields and the Rise of Wealthy Essay

The Career Opportunities in Various Fields and the Rise of Wealthy Businessmen - Essay Example Getting a dream job is one of the many dreams of any undergraduate student. It is for such aspirations that people often pursue studies as undergraduate students in order to realize such dreams. However, pursuing undergraduate studies alone does not merit one to be qualified to chase their dream jobs. It is important for such students to understand the challenges one may expect in such careers. In our case, we shall be analyzing the challenges that affect modern careers and how their impact on our dream job. Additionally, we shall take a brief look in the dynamics of a managerial career in the twenty-first century and try to understand how they too can impact on our career choices. There is a tremendous change in management over the past several years. These dynamics have been brought about by changes in our work environment. In the past, managers had a daunting task or controlling their enterprises due to their complex nature and shrewd leadership styles. In most cases, the managers were the actual owners of the businesses he managed. However, a lot has changed in the 21st century. Managers now have to deal with a completely different work environment unlike before. To begin with, they need to undergo a rigorous training and recruitment exercise so as to determine if they are up to the task before-hand. Additionally, the burden of managers has been reduced through the introduction of assistants and other team leaders. These individuals work under the overall manager and report to him directly. Another important aspect to consider is the advancement of technology.

Project X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Project X - Essay Example For the success of our project X, whose goal is to create a defense mechanism to save major important cities of the US from enemy missile attack, it is of utmost importance that we consider these methods and identify the potential risks for project X. Quantitative Risk Assessment System (QRAS) is a personal computer (PC)-based software tool for performing Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) supporting decision on funding -- cost-estimation steps. QRAS is designed to bridge the gap between professional risk analyst and the design engineer. It is a user-friendly, graphical interface design, used by managers and engineers with minimal specialized risk assessment training. Its front-end is a graphical point-and click tree system model, combined with elements, subsystems, and sub-systems – the system hierarchy used to attach known accident initiators or failure modes. This hierarchical feature helps in making a Master Logic Diagram. Mission profiles can be set on sub system run times – a Mission Timeline module feature. The potential risks of failure probabilities can be calculated with the Timing data in other parts of the QRAS. This tool helps in constructing Event Sequence Diagrams (ESDs), explaining the scenarios lea ding to catastrophic failures or success of pivotal events showing fail-safe design or even emergency procedures and reasons of failures. Fault trees are built with graphical interfaces, which are joined to ESD models. The different features of QRAS are quantified to check failure probabilities in physical variables, providing fast and exact solutions. This software tool generates conventional event tree, minimum cut sets of system fault trees and ESD end states automatically for the risk scenarios. The software tool QRAS can identify the potential best estimate of catastrophic failure probability of a mission like the loss of Mobile Housing Unit (MHU). It would calculate a system’s top-level and intermediate

Decision Making at General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision Making at General Motors - Essay Example It also acquired poor performing automobile companies like Cadillac, Pontiac, and GMC. The GM extended its acquisition process to Europe where it successfully acquired the Opel (Germany), Holden (Austraila), and Vauxhall (England). The primary reason behind these mergers and acquisitions was to gain market dominance and wage off completion. To markets their car brands, the GM heavily invested in marketing by decentralizing its operations, with each of its founders heading different divisions within the company (Kettering 56). The introducing of price differentiation marketing policy by Sloan marked another milestone for the GM. The pricing policy has taken into account the differences in income of potential customers, thereby ensuring that irrespective of their income levels, clients could afford to buy the GM car brands. Sloan was also responsible for the institutionalization and coordination of proper decentralization systems of the company structure. This move proved effective in ensuring the GM’s central administration body had firm control over its divisional operations, but emphasizing on divisions’ operational independence in line with the goals of the company (Barrar and Roxane 41). The divisions further got divided into sub-groups headed by executives, who are answerable to the GM’s management committee and the CEO. The company also set up policy groups charged with the responsibility of formulating and setting required standards for the GM’s day-to-day managerial oper ations. It is these strategies that made the company very successful. Some of the major challenges in managing multinational and multicultural organizations like the GM entail differences in national orientations and cultural values. For instance, some processes such as manufacturing, engineering, design, human resource, among others were naturally domestic-oriented, therefore varied across the world.  

The Sixth Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Sixth Sense - Essay Example The building sound effects greatly added to the anticipation and excitement on impending spine-tingling eventualities. Actors make up was done satisfactorily and not in exaggeration especially on the ghostly characters. Dramatic extreme close-ups on the actors presented audience the convincingly genuine emotions of the characters. Costume Designer Joanna Johnston displayed an excellent job in adding to the establishment of the principal twist of the story. It may seem inconsequential at the outset but it was a very clever detail that Dr. Crowe oddly wore the same set of clothes throughout the whole film unlike the rest of the characters. The audience would certainly fail to notice that important aspect but once you get to understand the gist of the story and get the chance to view the film once again, one will be amazed by the designer's genius. Also in the part of Kyra's wake, there was already the suggestion of the mother being the perpetrator as she was the only one wearing inappropriately bright red outfit in contrast with the somber-clad family and guests. Overall, The Sixth Sense is an outstanding film. But to truly enjoy it, it is imperative not to inquire for hints before watching the movie for it would certainly spoil the whole story.

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown Research Paper

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown - Research Paper Example Moreover, since this otherwise gruesome celebration is held every year, then it must be something which the people have already considered a part of their lives. As Mr. Martin and his son Baxter â€Å"held the black box securely on the stool,† one can see how much they value this evil tradition as they securely guard it. Furthermore, the fact that both father and son, and parents and their children draw lots from the black box speaks of how much they want to pass this evil tradition on to future generations (Jackson). Every evil man’s legacy is therefore the evil that he willingly and proudly passes on to his children and descendants. The second symbol of evil is â€Å"the smoothest and roundest stones† that the people and children have chosen (Jackson). The stones which the children have begun choosing at the beginning of the day of the celebration represent the unjust hurt and punishment that innocent people experience and suffer from because of the senseless and brutal tradition that people pass on to their children. In fact, the idea that everyone in the village in Jackson’s story participates in stoning someone to death is a proof that evil exists in all people without any exception. This illustrates the brutality of the society in which human beings live. Moreover, the old people are the ones to blame for the perpetuation of all evil. Old Man Warner, as the oldest in town, is believed to have cast the first stone because he believes that the villagers trust him for his age and wisdom. Old Man Warner represents all aging and aged people on earth who are consumed by evil and who believe that the youth must be just as evil as they are. They are actually the same people who do not think that this world will ever rise from the quagmire of evil that is slowly swallowing it. Another symbol is Mr. Adams, who figuratively stands as the representative of

Definition loser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition loser - Essay Example As such, this brief analysis will seek to discuss the means by which the very determinate definition that has been thus far displayed has ultimately become warped to represent an entirely different contextual meaning. This will be utilized by a brief analysis of how the term is used within adolescent and pop culture. Firstly, in order to understand the means by which the term is currently thrown around in popular culture, one need look no further than the local poetry school or playground. Although children have oftentimes utilized language as a means of encouraging conformity ensuring that those that do not exhibit conformity are punished to certain degree, the term â€Å"loser† has taken on a life of its own in helping to shape the means by which individuals identify with themselves as part of a larger group. This particular term is unique from many of the others that are oftentimes used, i.e. â€Å"geek†, â€Å"loser†, â€Å"nerd†, or a variety of others, due to the fact that it is very difficult for the person who is labeled in such a way to escape from the definition that it necessarily implies (Buzzelli & Johnston 22). Whereas it might be somewhat easy for an individual to readily provide evidence that they are not a geek or a nerd, loser is something that is de fined by the larger group; as such, it is much more difficult for an individual labeled as such to escape the meaning that it necessarily implies. Stepping aside from the actual definition of the term, the more important question that should be asked is the level to which identity formation that takes place as a result of the usage of such a word impacts upon the future understanding that the individual displays with regards to you they are and how they integrate with society. Due to the fact that this term has a specific bearing upon integration within society, the low to which it is likely

Explication paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explication paper - Essay Example If the two resemble each other in the world’s image, he makes us undeniably reminisce of John Wyndham. It is constantly tricky to evaluate an amalgamation of anything as compared to a solitary unit, but inside its sparingly defined surrounding The Fat Man possesses a superseding style that connects the tales together. (It is probable that what proposed the relation with Magritte to the editors). This tale option is the center on character associations as a macrocosm of the broader surrounding, as compared to associations as an ingredient to it. The expression macrocosm is perceived to be the precise depiction of the broader proceedings as reflections of the parameters than it is to depict or explain those parameters as reflection s of the novel communal and ecological landscape. In addition, since the attention on character is so close up, obtrusive, the peripheral world has gone out of attraction. Carla and Paul are not bulged to provide an affectionate concern to a plot centering on the likelihood of genetic modification, they are the consequence of that likelihood being an acknowledged section of the community. It is evident that Mort and Lily are not focusing on the menace of the ecological devastation, the consequence of lax quarantine decrees in the space travel period. Both parties could not care a little less and the actual harm of the narrative is the harm to their association and not the globe’s ecology. In multiple manners, Carey has a technique to narrate that is more evocative of Wyndham who was extensively explained by Aldiss Brian that he was the spreader of the â€Å"cosy catastrophe†. In Carey’s individual cosy upheaval, his personal domestic dreams, the situation of the novel world of the prospects is depicted in brief brushstrokes on the perimeter of the canvas. In this novel, Alexander Finch might internally bar against the novel political array. He and his associate housemates might fantasize on blasting down the statue of

Charismatic Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charismatic Leadership - Case Study Example The social conditions and patterns of the charismatic leadership were expected to be the reason for a strong bond between followers and the leaders. Dominating charismatic leaders are visionary and have strong convictions, sensitive to environmental resources and constraints, unconventional in behavior and self-confident. However, researchers have also argued that psychological attributes can also create charismatic leaders. The major assumptions regarding charismatic leadership are personal admirations among followers for the leaders and self-belief in the leader. Few of the basic characteristics of charismatic leaders are: A charismatic leader is creative and unconventional. While resolving issues and troubleshooting, charismatic leaders always look for solutions which are creative and unconventional. These methods are also used to attract others attention towards key issues (Jacobsen 75) They possess effective and influential interpersonal communication skills. They are always rea dy to demonstrate attention and respect towards self as well as others. Through self-sacrifice and personal risks, they are able to create loyalty and absolute trustworthiness. Theories of charismatic leadership Various theories have been established in order to explain the origin and evolution of charismatic leadership style. Few of the well known and popular theories are described below: Weberian Perspective Weber first coined the term â€Å"charisma† and described charismatic leaders as the one who bears the ability to implement drastic social changes. He identified that these kinds of leaders arise in periods of physical, economical, psychotic, religious, political or ethical distress. He also referred charismatic leaders as superhuman or supernatural with exceptional qualities and powers. According to this theory, the loyalty and passion of followers might have aroused out of hope, despair or enthusiasm. He also argued that the major difference between bureaucratic and c harismatic leadership is that charisma appeals to those with a revolutionary attitude. Rebel Leadership of Downton Downton (20-70) proposed the theory of charismatic leadership in context of political and rebel leaders. He argued that effect of charismatic leaders on followers is potent and influential because of their authority and transcendental ideals which facilitates the identification of followers with the leaders. This condition is characterized by psychological changes, solidification of trust and loyalty towards the leader. However, charismatic leadership is independent of other leadership styles such as inspirational. He had also concluded that the position of charismatic leaders can be maintained if they are able to establish security and provide a new cultural reinforcement or identity especially for those followers whose socialization or psychological dispositions are to obey orders. Psychological theory Psychological theory was first presented by House (189-207) in ord er to explain charismatic leadership behaviors. The overall psychological impact of this leadership style on the

The Almanac of American Politics (2008) Essay Example for Free

The Almanac of American Politics (2008) Essay Presidential election results (2000, 2004) The following pages are quoted verbatim from the Almanac of American Politics, 2006 edition: American politics has devolved into a grim battle between two approximately equal-size armies in a take-no-prisoners culture war. In 2000, those armies fought to a near-draw—out of more than 100 million ballots cast, the presidency of the United States hinged on a breathtakingly slim 537-vote margin in Florida. Four years later, despite the occurrence of a recession, two wars, and a devastating terrorist attack on American soil, the two adversaries remain fairly evenly divided. In the wake of an acrimonious election where both political parties together spent roughly $4 billion on the federal elections the crisis spilled over into other areas of American politics: health and welfare spending, handling of the economy, and the continued occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan (Barone and Cohen, 2006) State Profile NEW JERSEY State Profile The following data and information about this state is taken from the 2006 Almanac of American Politics. â€Å"New Jersey boomed in the 1980s, suffered sharply in the early 1990s recession, came back strongly, and is now weathering the high-tech storms with mixed success.† At A Glance Size: 8,721 square miles Population in 2000: 8,414,350; 94.3% urban; 5.7% rural Population in 1990: 7,730,188 Population Change: Up 8.6% 1990-2000; Up 5.0% 1980-1990 Population Rank: 9th of 50; 3.0% of total U.S. population Most Populous Cities: Newark (277,911); Jersey City (239,097); Paterson (150,782); Elizabeth (123,215); Trenton (85,314) Registered Voters: 1,163,224 D (23.2%); 884,801 R (17.7%); 2,957,934 unaffiliated and minor parties (59.1%) State Senate: 22 D 18 R State General Assembly: 49 D 31 R State Legislative Term Limits: No Key Elected Officials Gov. Jon Corzine (D) Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D) Sen. Robert Menendez (D) Representatives: (6 D, 6 R, 1 V): Robert Andrews (D-01) Loida Nicolas Lewis (D-02) Jim Saxton (R-03) Chris Smith (R-04) Scott Garrett (R-05) Frank Pallone (D-06) Michael Ferguson (R-07) Bill Pascrell (D-08) Steven Rothman (D-09) Donald Payne (D-10) Rodney Frelinghuysen (R-11) Rush Holt (D-12) Vacant; formerly Robert Menendez (D-13) About New Jersey The Northeast has long been the nation’s least conservative region and turned out the biggest bonanza for the Democrats in their surge to an even greater House majority in 2008: 15 of the 25 seats the party took from the GOP were in the area.   Democrats say this â€Å"reverse alignment† — counterbalancing the Southern shift to the GOP — rolls on (The Electoral Map, 2007). â€Å"A valley of humility between two mountains of conceit: That is what Benjamin Franklin called New Jersey, which even in colonial days was overshadowed by the metropolises of New York and Philadelphia. New Jersey was named by King James II, then Duke of York, for the Channel Island on which he was sheltered during the English Civil War. But New Jersey has much to say for itself. It is a sort of laboratory in which the best blood is prepared for other communities to thrive on, Woodrow Wilson said when he was governor, just a tad defensively. Today, New Jersey is the nations tenth most populous state: It boomed in the 1980s, suffered sharply in the early 1990s recession, came back strongly, and is now weathering the high-tech storms with mixed success. New Jersey was the home of Thomas Edison and of the old Bell Labs; its successors Lucent and ATT were among its biggest employers in the 1990s. Other big employers include several of the nations biggest pharmaceutical firmsMerck, Johnson Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Schering-Plough. These industries give the state a high-income, high-education work force, and in 2000 New Jersey passed Connecticut to boast the nations highest median household income. This is prosperous middle-income country, with more two-car than one-car families but fewer limousines than Manhattan, with an estimated 13,500 $1 million houses but not the multi-million dollar co-ops of Manhattan or mansions of Greenwich, Connecticut. Within New Jerseys close boundaries is great diversity, geographically from beaches to mountains, demographically from old Quaker stock to new Hispanics, economically from inner city slums to hunt country mansions. Though New York writers are inclined to look on New Jersey as a land of 1940s diners and 1970s shopping malls, this state much more closely resembles the rest of America than does Manhattan, even if its accents can sometimes be incomprehensible to outsiders. The Jersey City row houses seen on emerging from the Holland Tunnel, many renovated by Wall Street commuters and Latin immigrants, give way within a few miles to the skyscrapers of Newark and its new Performing Arts Center. Farther out are comfortably packed middle-income suburbs and the horse country around Far Hills, the university town of Princeton, old industrial cities like Paterson and Trenton, and dozens of suburban towns and small factory cities where people work and raise families over generations. Among them are commuter towns like Middletown, whose commuter trails lead to Lower Manhattan, and which lost dozens of neighbors on September 11. A year later, only 37% of New Jersey citizens said their lives had returned to normal and 29% said they would never be the same; 43% said they thought about the attacks every day. New Jersey has long been a magnet for immigrants, and it is again today. In 2000, 29% of its residents were born in another country or had a parent who was; only California and New York have larger percentages of foreign-born residents. Hudson County, the land along the ridge opposite Manhattan, was the home to hundreds of thousands of Irish, Italian, Polish and Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century; in 2003 it was 41% Hispanic, with Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans and Mexicans. Immigrants are plentiful in the little middle-American towns of Bergen County, Filipinos in Bergenfield, Guatemalans in Fairview, Koreans in Leonia, Indians in Lodi, Chinese in Palisades Park. The old central cities of Elizabeth and Paterson were half-Hispanic in 2000 and Camden, opposite Philadelphia, was 39% Hispanic. There is still a black majority in Newark, but it includes many of the Brazilians in the Ironbound district. New Jersey has all the ethnic variety that America offers. In the last two decades, a new New Jersey has sprouted. The oil tank farms and swamplands of the Jersey Meadows have become sports palaces and office complexes; the Singer factory in Elizabeth, the Western Electric factory in Kearny, the Ford plant in Mahwah, the Shulton plant in Clifton are all gone, replaced by shopping centers or hotels or other development, and the GM plant in Linden, the last New Jersey auto plant, closed in April 2005; the intersection of I-78 and I-287 has become a major shopping and office edge city; U.S. 1 north from Princeton to North Brunswick has become one of the nations high-tech centers. Even some of New Jerseys long-ailing central cities are perking up. New Jersey increasingly has an identity of its own. It is the home of big league football, basketball and hockey franchisesthough after nearly three decades, two of them have threatened to moveand of the worlds longest expanse of boardwalks on the Jersey Shore from Cape May to Sandy Hook. And New Jersey is one of Americas great gambling centers: Atlantic City, an hour from Philadelphia and two hours from Manhattan, had gambling revenues in 2006 ($8.2 billion) that nearly matched the Las Vegas strip ($8.8 billion). State government played an important role in building New Jersey identity and pride. In the 1970s, Governor Brendan Byrne started the Meadowlands sports complex and got casino gambling legalized in Atlantic City. Governor Tom Kean in the 1980s started education reforms and promoted the state shamelessly. The revolt against Governor Jim Florios tax increase in 1990 was led by the first all-New Jersey talk radio station and took on national significance with the 1993 election of Christine Todd Whitman, who later became EPA Administrator. In the next decade crime and welfare rolls dropped, but auto insurance and property taxes remain the highest in the nation. New Jersey, contained within two of the nations biggest metropolitan areas, was also a harbinger of the national trend in the big metro areas toward Bill Clintons Democrats. Not so long ago, suburban New Jersey was one of the most Republican of big states: It voted 56%-42% for the first George Bush in 1988. But in 1996 New Jersey voters, turned off by the congressional Republicans Southern leaders and by the national partys opposition to abortion and gun control, voted 54%-36% for Clinton and 53%-43% for Democrat Bob Torricelli for the Senate. In 1997 Whitman, despite cutting taxes, was reelected by only 47%-46% over little-known Democrat Jim McGreevey. In 2000 Al Gore carried the state 56%-40%. In 2001 McGreevey defeated Republican Bret Schundler for governor by 56%-42% and in 2002, after an unorthodox campaign, Democrat Frank Lautenberg defeated Republican Douglas Forrester for senator by 54%-44%very similar margins. Democrats cinched control of both houses of the legislature in 2003. New Jerseys politicians compete in a market that is the second most expensive in the nation, because they have to buy New York and Philadelphia television. And they have a special handicap, because those stations dont give state politics and government the in-depth coverage that voters in most states can expect. This gives an advantage to well-known candidates, like former Senator Bill Bradley, and to incumbents with a distinctive style and notable achievements, like Governors Byrne, Kean and Whitman, and to self-funders like Senator and gubernatorial candidate Jon Corzine. But it also means that high-income, highly educated New Jersey politics is often the business of county and city political machines, of varying degrees of competence, cronyism and corruption. It is, astonishingly, a great advantage in both parties to have the designation of the local county party on the primary ballot. A 1993 campaign finance law allowed county parties to take contributions 18 times as large as candidates could, so money is increasingly raised by chairmen of parties that have control of local government and can dole out contractsthe Jersey term is pay to playand then wheeled, or doled out, to favored candidates all over the state. McGreevey, elected in 2001 after his near-defeat of Whitman in 1997, was a product of the Middlesex County Democratic machine and served as both mayor of Woodbridge and state senatorin New Jersey, as in France, politicians can be town mayors and legislators at the same time. Second District, New Jersey 2008 Congressional Election Results (Second District, New Jersey) NJ-02 District Profile: Politically, Atlantic City often votes Democratic but has an antique Republican machine that goes back generations. 2008 Results: First-timer Loida Nicolas-Lewis (D) roundly defeated Frank LoBiondo (R) by 64-31% Loida Nicolas-Lewis (R) Nicolas-Lewis was nominated with 72% in a two-way primary. Contact: 212-756-8900 †¢Ã‚  Campaign Web site †¢Ã‚  Official Web site †¢Ã‚  Almanac biography Frank LoBiondo (D) Elected in 1994; Seeking eighth term; LoBiondo barely emerged from the primary with 50.5% pf the vote. Contact: 856-794-2004 †¢Ã‚  Campaign Web site †¢Ã‚  Official Web site †¢Ã‚  Almanac biography Profile of the District (Source: Almanac of American Politics) When the builders of the Camden Atlantic Railroad in 1852 extended the line to the little inlet town of Absecon, little did they know what would become Americas biggest beach resort, Atlantic City. Like all resorts, it was a product of developments elsewhere: of industrialization and spreading affluence, of railroad technology and the conquest of diseases which used to make summer a time of terror for parents and doctors. In the years after the Civil War, first Atlantic City and then the whole Jersey Shore from Brigantine to Cape May became Americas first seaside resort, and Atlantic City developed its characteristic features: the Boardwalk in 1870, the amusement pier in 1882, the rolling chair in 1884, salt water taffy in the 1890s, Miss America in 1921. By 1940, 16 million Americans visited every summer, Atlantic City was a common mans resort of old traditions; but the place became less popular after World War II as people could afford nicer vacations. By the early 1970s, Atlantic City was grim. Then in 1977, New Jersey voters legalized casino gambling in Atlantic City and gleaming new hotels sprang up, big name entertainers came in and Atlantic City became more glamorous than it had been in 90 years. But not for all of its residents: Casino and hotel jobs tend to be low-wage, and the slums begin just feet from the massive parking lots of the casinos. In the 1990s Atlantic Citys gambling business was thrivingcasinos came out ahead $4.3 billion in 2000and huge new casinos were built on both Boardwalk and bayside. Over Donald Trumps objections, Steve Wynn won approval of a new tunnel, which would permit him to build a new casino in the marina district. Now listed among the top 10 House districts nationwide for tourist economies, Atlantic City is growing into what Las Vegas has become, not just a collection of gaudy casinos but a gaggle of theme parks, with entertainment for the family as well as adults. The Jersey Shore south of Atlantic City is a string of different resorts. Behind the Shore are swamp and flatland, the Pine Barrens and vegetable fields that gave New Jersey the name Garden State. Growth has been slow in these small towns and gas station intersections, communities in whose eerie calmness in the summer you can hear mosquitoes whining. In the flatness, you can also find towns clustered around low-wage apparel factories or petrochemical plants on the Delaware estuary; the Northeast high-tech service economy has not reached this far south in Jersey yet. This part of South Jersey makes up the 2d Congressional District. Politically, it has strong Democratic presences in the chemical industry towns along the Delaware River and in Vineland and a strong Republican presence in Cape May; Atlantic City often votes Democratic.   The party carried the area in all 1990s statewide elections and won easily in the 1996 and 2000 presidential races. This is prime marginal territory, off the beaten track of Northeast politics. The Incumbent New Jersey 2d voters finally gave seven-termer Frank LoBiondo the boot long after he had promised not to run for more than six terms.   Even loyal Republicans angrily crossed party lines owing to a series of indiscretions and scandals.   Chief of these was involvement in the Abscam scandal and the revelation that Harrah’s had been the single biggest contributor to his campaigns all along.   Sentiment against the Iraq war also focused on his voting record of going along with every bill sponsored by the White House that related to funding and deployment in that country and Afghanistan. Other aspects of his legislative record that came to light in a bad way were having voted with DeLay seven in eight times, agreeing to weaken ethics rules and assenting to bringing indictment hearings behind closed doors.   The last straw turned out to be outtakes from the local Harrah’s security cameras proving it was LoBiondo after all who had been, and still was, carrying on an affair with Vicki Iseman the telecoms lobbyist whom the New York Times had wrongly linked with John McCain. Mere minutes after LoBiondo conceded the election in November, his wife held her own press conference to announce she was divorcing LoBiondo.   The following day, a downcast ex-congressmen was seen off at the airport departing for parts unknown, muttering something about getting in a few rounds of golf with the Bushes. The 2008 Election Winner Loida Nicolas Lewis Born: July 20, 1957 Family: Husband, Reginald (deceased); two daughters Religion: Roman Catholic Education: St. Theresa’s College (Philippines), A.B. 1972 (summa cum laude) University of the Philippines, Ll.B. 1976 (summa cum laude) Harvard, J.D. 1985 Career: Chairman/CEO, Beatrice International Holdings, Inc. President, Confederation of Asian-American Associations Immigration lawyer Elected Office: None 2008 New Member Profiles New Jerseys Second District: Loida Nicolas-Lewis (D) The Almanac of American Politics  © National Journal Group Inc. From out of nowhere and riding a wave of anti-administration sentiment among minorities in the district, the inexperienced but highly intelligent and articulate Loida Lewis captured the imagination of voters and soundly trounced the incumbent by an unprecedented 2:1 margin.   No one was more surprised than Representative LoBiondo himself. Loida first came to national attention and even gained a measure of fame after her husband, the famed African-American deal-maker Reginald Lewis engineered a leveraged buyout of Beatrice Foods International.   On completing the LBO deal with the help of Michael Milliken at Drexel Burnham Lambert, the press hailed Reginald and the flagship TLC Beatrice as the most successful African-American enterprise ever.   When Reginald foundered in his choice of domestic acquisitions that would allow Beatrice to balance industry cycles in Europe and especially after Reginald’s death, Loida earned the respect of minority stakeholders for her business acumen as CEO. Three months before the primaries, Loida landed in the short list of Gov. Corzine owing to her decade-long work with minority associations on both coasts.   An informal dinner with campaign managers of Sen. Obama and President-Elect Clinton made the choice official. In the ensuing campaign, Loida Lewis proved herself a soft-spoken but very articulate and highly moral rival to the flagging and corruption-prone image of the incumbent.   With unfailingly good press, unanimous support from every minority association and church group, and extremely good rapport with businessmen, Loida Lewis was happy enough to leave the mudslinging to the press.   To no one’s surprise, she won handily and immediately won kudos from the House leadership. THIS SECTION ADAPTED FROM ALMANAC OF AMERICAN POLITICS 2008 (Almanac, 2007) Committees Foreign Relations (10th of 11 D) European Affairs; African Affairs; East Asian Pacific Affairs; International Development Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs International Environmental Protection. Health, Education, Labor Pensions (11th of 11 D) Employment Workplace Safety; Children Families. Homeland Security Governmental Affairs (8th of 9 D) Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services International Security; Investigations; State, Local Private Sector Preparedness Integration. Veterans Affairs (2nd of 8 D). Group Ratings ADA ACLU AFS LCV ITIC NTU COC ACU CFG FRC    2008 95 83 100 100 75 16 55 8 7 0 2009 100 100 95 6 39 8 0 National Journal Ratings 2008 LIB 2008 CONS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009 LIB 2009 CONS ECONOMIC 87% 12% 87% 0% SOCIAL 77% 18% 77% 21% FOREIGN 76% 15% 85% 12% Key Votes Of The 109th Congress 1 Bar ANWR Drilling Y 2 FY06 Spending Curb N 3 Estate Tax Repeal N 4 Raise Minimum Wage Y 5 Recognize Filipino WW2 veterans Y 6 Path to Citizenship Y 7 Bar Same Sex Marriage Y 8 Stem Cell Research $ N 9 Limit Interstate Abortion Y 10 CAFTA Y 11 Urge Iraq Withdrawal Y 12 Provide Detainee Rights Y References Almanac (2007) Almanac of American politics 2008. National Journal. Barone, M. and Cohen, R. E. (2006) The almanac of American politics, 2006. Retrieved February 29, 2008 from http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/161479.ctl. The Electoral Map (2007) Do Democrats still have room for growth in the northeast? Retrieved February 29, 2008 from http://theelectoralmap.com/2007/11.

Pollution Market Failure

Pollution Market Failure A tax on pollution is designed to confront a person or company causing pollution with the sum equivalent to the social costs they are imposing on others. Firms pay taxes on the income both in the legal sense that the company is an individual and in the economic sense that company is a tax on them. Taxation can be used to correct market failures. Pollution are things that cause discomfort or harm to our environment, it can be in different form such as air, water, noise, heat. Things that causes pollution are called pollutant because they harm living organism, causing global warming which is when the temperature on the earth is getter hotter and climate change. A pollution tax can promote productive efficiency when a firm produces where price is equal to marginal cost, Also when the firm produce at any given output at the lowest possible cost, given in this case that this is a perfect competitive market. Externalities are spill over cost or benefit we can refer to external economies and diseconomies. Externalities can either be good or bad, when good is called benefit and bad cost. The benefit is when the society are affected beneficially they are said to be external benefits, while cost is when the society are affected adversely .It creates a divergence between private and social costs and benefit. All cost are incurred by the producers and all benefits are reaped by their customers. The costs are often clearer when specific government activities are considered rather than taking everything in one lump. Externalities in production are very important in the real world. Pollution can be seen as an externalities. Taking a industry for example they throw their waste into the river and its smoke into the air. Apart from pollution been an externality, creation of a shopping mall increases traffic in the area causing discomfort to the people living in that area can also be seen as an externality. External cost of production is when the marginal social cost is greater than the marginal cost(MSC>MC).The problem of external cost arises in a free- market economy because no one has legal ownership of the air or river. Marginal cost (MC) is where the firm gets to produce its goods and services. It is the cost of the firm or private cost, this does not include the cost of pollution on the environment that the firm creates, these are external cost to the firm. We tax a firm that has external to make up to the society. marginal social cost(MSC) lies above the marginal cost(MC). Given MSC>MC, MSC is where the society wants the firm to produce ,the vertical difference between the MSC and MC is the external cost which is referred to pollution that the firm emits in the environment causing discomfort to the society. The individual who live and work around where the waste has been deposited bears the cost arising from the industry. At point Q1 the firm is profit-maximizing output, the society sees the external cost as an overproduction from the firms part .if the government required the firm to pay the external cost the firm would reduce its outputs to Q2 which is the level at which the society is comfortable with the level of production which is known as social optimum. At this point we can say the firm is attaining productive efficiency. Price MSC MC=S P D External cost 0 Q2 Q1 Quantity External benefits in production, the marginal social benefit is greater than the marginal cost, the benefits outweigh the cost. Given MC

Blood-brain Barrier and the Sodium-potassium Pump

Blood-brain Barrier and the Sodium-potassium Pump Jocelyn Brown-Eaton The blood-brain barrier and the sodium-potassium pump have many similarities and differences. Similarities include the fact that they both function to maintain a balance and that they both are selectively permeable. Differences includes the way the mechanisms carry out those functions and what kind of balance they maintain. The blood-brain barrier is a mechanism that isolates the central nervous system neurons from chemicals coming from the rest of the body. It is made up of the walls of brain capillaries that are tightly joined together, other capillaries in the rest of the body do not align themselves so close together and they do allow chemicals to pass from the blood into the areas of the body they are flowing through. In contrast, the sodium-potassium pump is a protein in the membrane of cells that helps maintains the difference of electrical charges inside and out of the cell, keeping the cell polarized along with the difference in permeability of sodium and potassium within th e rest of the membrane (Khan Academy 2010). The resting potential is maintained before an action potential arrives and then is restored when the action potential is over. Comparatively they are both maintaining balances. The blood-brain barrier is balancing chemicals and protecting the brain neurons from harmful substances since these neurons do not regenerate, but the sodium-potassium pump is keeping an ionic balance. Selective permeability is also a similarity of the two mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier is only a barrier for water soluble molecules and selectively allows lipid soluble molecules to pass, while the sodium-potassium pump only deals with sodium and potassium. The sodium-potassium pump takes in two potassium ions for every three sodium ions it pushes out. Transporter proteins control the movement of these substances. The difference is that with the blood-brain barrier there is a separate protein that actively transport the selected chemicals, while the sodium-potass ium pump is a protein in itself. There are areas of the blood-brain barrier that are more permeable than the rest in order to allow the function of those specific parts of the brain. One such area is the area postrema. The area postrema detects toxins in the body and initiates vomiting. Khan Academy. (2010). Correction to Sodium and Potassium Pump Video. [Online Video]. 11 July 2010. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye3rTjLCvAU. [Accessed: 25 February 2017] Before an action potential arrives, there is a balance between the extracellular fluid (on the outside of the cell) and the intracellular fluid (on the inside of the cell). This difference in the electrical charge is called the membrane potential.ÂÂ   The membrane potential is created by diffusion of ions and electrostatic pressure. Diffusion refers to the process of molecules evenly distributing themselves. Molecules push away from areas that they are more concentrated in. Electrostatic pressure is the force that comes from the attraction or repulsion of ions. Positive charges repel other positive charges, negative charges repel other negative charges, and positive charges attract negative charges. The ions involved in these forces are organic anions, potassium ions, chloride ions, and sodium ions. Organic anions (A-) are negatively charged and found in intracellular fluid. These ions remain in the intracellular fluid because the membrane is impermeable to them. Potassium ions (K+) are positively charged. They try to get out of the membrane because of diffusion, there is a higher concentration of them inside than out. Electrostatic pressure, however, pushes back against them because extracellular fluid is more positively charged inevitably keeping the ions where they were. Chloride ions (Cl-) are negatively charged. They try to get into the membrane due to diffusion but electrostatic pressure keeps them where they are as well. Sodium ions (Na+) are positively charged and get pushed into the membrane due to diffusion. Unlike the other ions sodium is not pushed back by electrostatic pressure. Instead, they are attracted in because the intracellular charge is more negative. The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the resting potential, which is on average -70 mV. The sodium-potassium pump trades three sodium ions to the outside of the cell for two potassium ions to bring into the cell. During an action potential, a signal is sent to the membrane the membran e to become more permeable to sodium ions increasing the intracellular charge. The membrane potential reaches its threshold and a depolarization spike occurs. Depolarization is when the internal polarization of the cell increases; when it gets closer to zero. Voltage dependent sodium channels, triggered by the depolarization, open allowing sodium to enter at a faster rate. At a higher level of depolarization voltage dependent potassium channels open and potassium flows away from the more positively charged interior. Voltage dependent potassium channels are less sensitive than the sodium channels are. Next sodium channels close and go into a refractory state, preventing them from opening again until the resting potential is restored. The cell goes through hyperpolarization, where the intracellular charge drops in order to get back to normal. When hyperpolarization goes lower than the resting potential it is called the undershoot. When the undershoot is reached it signals the potassiu m channels to close and resting potential is closer to normal. After that all passes the sodium potassium pumps slowly help the resting potential return and everything is back to its original state. Neurotransmitters open ion channels in two ways, directly and indirectly. Directly opening the ion channels occur when there are ionotropic receptors. When a neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor the ion channel immediately opens and let ions flow freely through. With metabotropic receptors, when a neurotransmitter binds to its binding site it starts a chain of chemical events (Carlson and Birkett, 2017). These chemical events involve the G protein being activated, which in turn activates the second messenger system. The second messenger travels to the nearby ion channel and signals it to open. Metabotropic receptors got their name because they require extra steps that uses up some of the cells metabolic energy. The important differences between ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors are the speed of effect and the duration of effect after their activation. Ionotropic receptors are faster because when a neurotransmitter binds to it the ion channel is opened immedi ately and triggers a postsynaptic potential. The whole process happens very quickly. Metabotropic receptors are slower because the signal to the ion channel is transferred between a sequence of different molecules to get to the ion channel and activate it. This process causes a delay in effect, they take longer to begin but they also last longer. Serotonin has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. All but one receptor, the 5-HT3 receptor, are metabotropic. The 5-HT3 receptor is ionotropic and it controls a chloride ion channel, therefore producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. This receptor plays a role in nausea and vomiting. Because ionotropic receptors act quickly, if the receptor is bound to by an agonist, which would open the ion channel, it would induce vomiting or nausea right away. An example of this would be when a person smells something rotten and immediately feels nausea. Antagonists of this receptor are used to treat the side effects of chemotherapy and radi ation treatments. Serotonin is used for mood regulation, and that happens in the metabotropic receptors. This means that the effects take longer but will last longer. If this happened rapidly then there would be no transitions between our moods. It allows the drugs for mood regulation (like SSRIs) to have compound effects and build up in our system by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. Carlson, N. R., Birkett, M. A., (2017). Physiology of Behavior, 12th Edition. [BryteWave]. Retrieved from https://shelf.brytewave.com/#/books/9780134517858/

Embryonic Stem Cells Research Essay -- Biology, Science Experiment

Embryonic stem cells research is a very conflicting subject in the United States. Some people think that it is morally and religiously incorrect as they are killing a human life at the first stage of life. While some think it is ok because the human life to them starts at the stage of the fetus. In this paper we are going to discuss the total aspect meaning: how the government takes playThe intention of this research paper is to inform about the benefits of animal testing for humankind through the development of medical treatments and the quality of life throughout history. Also try to persuade the society that is opposed to this practice about the many positive factors that has given us the animal experiments in the battle against diseases and conditions. By which today are successfully eradicated many viruses and pests that once were fatal. Finally, we will also demonstrate ours arguments availing ourselves of some books and articles published on the internet about this controvers ial issue. Ours purposes are to expose the many positive factors that have animal testing on the few disadvantages that some organizations in most cases deliberately exaggerated. Animal Testing We decided to do this research about the animal testing because is one of the issues that have generated more controversy worldwide over the years. Like any issue that is an international ethical dilemma, there is always a part of the society that supports, and another that condemns it. We intend through this research to determine the reasons why we're all in favor of this practice and support it in its entirety. To reinforce this point of view in this work we have included three arti... ...kes, Alzheimer, birth defects, organ transplant and many more. Imagine how other people will benefit from those studies. We may be even able to assist other countries with the study of embryonic stem cell. We could save people’s lives or make them live a bit longer until a real cure is found. We have reviewed many areas of embryonic stem cells. We have discuses how the government takes play in the research of embryonic stem cells. We also touch how embryonic stem cells are created, and that there are different ways to take embryonic stem cells without destroying the embryo. Finally we were able to find one FDA approved trail going on involving embryonic stem cell research. We still haven’t decided if this is a good or bad research as there are many different aspects and point of views on this controversy topic. Guess we have to agree to disagree on this one.

The Doctrine of President Bush Essay -- Politics Political

On 20 September 2002, the Bush administration published a national security manifesto overturning the established order. Not because it commits the United States to global intervention: We've been there before. Not because it targets terrorism and rogue states: Nothing new there either. No, what's new in this document is that it makes a long-building imperial tendency explicit and permanent. The policy paper, titled "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America" -- call it the Bush doctrine -- is a romantic justification for easy recourse to war whenever and wherever an American president chooses. This document truly deserves the overused term "revolutionary," but its release was eclipsed by the Iraq debate. Recall the moment. Bush, having just backed away from unilateralism long enough to deliver a speech to the United Nations, was now telling Congress to give him the power to go to war with Iraq whenever and however he liked. Congress, with selective reluctance, was skating sideways toward a qualified endorsement. The administration had fended off doubts from the likes of George Bush Sr.'s national security adviser Brent Scowcroft, and retreated from its maximal designs (at least on Tuesdays and Thursdays), giving doubters, and politicians preoccupied with their reelection, reasons to overcome their doubts and sign on. The Bush White House chose this moment to put down in black and white its grand strategy -- to doctrinize, as it were, its impulse to act alone with the instruments of war. Hitching a ride on Al Qaeda's indisputable threat, the doctrine generalizes. It is limitless in time and space. It not only commits the United States to dominating the world from now into the distant future, but al... ...gned to take more than passing note of his speech. As a nation, we’re still in a trance. The leadership of the most powerful nation-state on earth proceeds to set out its grand strategy, its unified theory of everything, and its prime channels of information don’t see fit to let the populace in on the news that their government is hell-bent on empire and has said so in black and white. Nonetheless, Bush’s strategy is now in force. It confirms suspicions and stokes paranoia. In propounding that there are no more than two models for how a society lives in the world, and that those who despise the one must enlist behind the other, it indulges in the same drastic oversimplification that motivates the terrorists. Americans will have to contend with the consequences for generations. This is why the Bush doctrine is dangerous: It’s a gift to anti-Americans everywhere.

Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay -- essays research papers

Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by R. L Stevenson, a story of mischief and selfishness occurs. It's like this, there is a man called Dr. Jekyll he doesn't like who he is so one day he thinks of a potion that makes his good part split away from his bad part. That is when Mr. Hyde comes into the picture, he is the bad part of Dr. Jekyll. Mr. Hyde likes to party have a good time and cares less about others, but Dr. Jekyll is a caring Doctor whom everybody adores and loves. Mr. Hyde gets himself into a lot of trouble in this story for example he gets a man killed and pushes down little girls for fun Mr. Utterson, a lawyer and a friend of Dr. Jekyll's, finds something peculiar about Dr. Jekyll and decides to keep a close watch on him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day the potion stops working for Dr. Jekyll and he can't turn back into himself , he stays in the body of Mr. Hyde, the dreadful, ugly, little midget whom nobody likes. He decides to hide in his study upstairs and tells his servants that he is really sick and contagious and tells them to stay away from the study where hopefully nobody will see him. The only source of communication is the notes he writes to his servants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day Mr. Utterson and the servant break down the door of the study to find out if it really is Dr. Jekyll in that room. To their surprise it is Mr. Hyde with a bottle of poison. He had committed suicide bef... Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay -- essays research papers Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by R. L Stevenson, a story of mischief and selfishness occurs. It's like this, there is a man called Dr. Jekyll he doesn't like who he is so one day he thinks of a potion that makes his good part split away from his bad part. That is when Mr. Hyde comes into the picture, he is the bad part of Dr. Jekyll. Mr. Hyde likes to party have a good time and cares less about others, but Dr. Jekyll is a caring Doctor whom everybody adores and loves. Mr. Hyde gets himself into a lot of trouble in this story for example he gets a man killed and pushes down little girls for fun Mr. Utterson, a lawyer and a friend of Dr. Jekyll's, finds something peculiar about Dr. Jekyll and decides to keep a close watch on him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day the potion stops working for Dr. Jekyll and he can't turn back into himself , he stays in the body of Mr. Hyde, the dreadful, ugly, little midget whom nobody likes. He decides to hide in his study upstairs and tells his servants that he is really sick and contagious and tells them to stay away from the study where hopefully nobody will see him. The only source of communication is the notes he writes to his servants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day Mr. Utterson and the servant break down the door of the study to find out if it really is Dr. Jekyll in that room. To their surprise it is Mr. Hyde with a bottle of poison. He had committed suicide bef...

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A classroom that includes students diagnosed with ADHD needs to include effective intervention strategies. According to the American Psychiatric Association, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by pervasive and developmentally inappropriate difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyper activity. These students frequently have difficulties following classroom rules and can show aggression, they are also more likely to be rejected socially and have more difficulty getting along with other students. School-based services are usually needed as well as placement in a special education class. The implementation of behavioral strategies combined with the use of psychotropic medications can help achieve a favorable outcome and a greater chance of success. Children with ADHD have different behaviors that can prevent them from learning and those behaviors can range from being mildly disruptive to almost making it impossible for academic and social success. A variety of behavioral strategies can be implemented to accommodate each child's needs. These strategies should include some clear, simple expectations or rules that outline expected behaviors for all students. These rules should be posted and reviewed frequently as well as recognized and praised when they are being followed. When all students understand the expectations, they have a goal they can work towards. For some students having additional prompts can help them to maintain self control and achieve these goals. Academic tasks can seem overwhelming for some students and there are some ways to help these students complete their school work. One effective strategy is modifying the size of a task, breaking it into smaller assignments can help them achieve success. Gradually increasing the level of difficulty, and the time spent working on an academic activity might help some students learn self regulation. When they can complete a task they should be praised or rewarded. I currently work in a classroom where there are modifications made for several students depending on the subject being taught. One student becomes overwhelmed by math lessons and feels defeated before he even begins. His behavior reflects this when he becomes disruptive and refuses to even try. Several strategies have been implemented to help him and are currently being used with success. Presenting the work in smaller assignments has helped him feel less overwhelmed. First I make sure he understands the task and what the total assignment is, then it is broken into sections for him to choose from. By choosing the section he feels most comfortable to begin with helps promote a positive attitude toward the overall task. Combining this with positive reinforcement and praise for staying on task and not disrupting others has been successful and this student's average grade has increased by 10% since the beginning of the school year. Reinforcement based strategies like a reward system can be a very helpful tool as a whole class strategy. The desired behavior and expectations need to be outlined as well as what the reward will be. These expectations need to be individual and realistic so that the student can see progress toward the goal. This strategy can be successful when used regularly and followed through. This is a strategy that I currently work with and it brings positive results. I work in a seventh grade ASD classroom where there are clear classroom goals as well as individual goals. The students earn â€Å"checks† for short term rewards like 15 minutes of IPad use or art time as well as a larger goal of â€Å"Friday Fun† which is a free period of social interaction with classmates where they can choose a game or activity to play for an entire period. The goals are individualized and can be increased as the student's ability grows. Having a long term goal also gives a student room to adjust their behavior and make up for times when behavior needed to be corrected. Not every student earns this reward all the time, but the teacher helps the students understand where they need improvement and how together they can work to achieve their goal for the next week. Both articles discuss the importance of the partnership between parents, teachers, and counselors. All parties should have a good understanding of the strategies used at home and in school. These strategies are the most successful when they are followed through by all. Open communication is very important and allows for an easier transition from school to home and home to school. For two students in my classroom we send home a â€Å"Have a Good Day Chart† which gives parents a look at their child's overall behaviors as well as their progress throughout the day. This helps us to see what time of day may be more challenging or if a particular subject causes unwanted behaviors. If the student is on medication it can track the time of day behaviors are occurring and can help when parents speak with their child's doctor. Intervention services are essential to helping a student succeed. These providers evaluate from a different perspective and can offer additional strategies for parents and teachers The way to achieve the best outcome is for all caregivers to develop a plan that includes strategies that are both proactive and reactive. Encouraging the desirable behaviors and addressing undesirable actions help to teach self regulation. Tracking and recording data show growth and improvements. This helps everyone identify the strategies that work and where changes are needed as the child grows. These strategies should be reviewed and discussed by everyone implementing them. This is especially important for children in middle school or high school where there are multiple teachers working with the students each day. Consistent and clear guidelines can help students with ADHD be successful and reach their full potential. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Wolraich and Baumgaertel in â€Å"The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Based on the New DSM-IV Criteria† (1996) observe that ADHD is â€Å"the most common mental disorder in children† (p. 168). From a parent’s perspective, ADHD is a troubling disorder feared due to its adverse effects on the behavior of children. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) further notes that the symptoms for the disorder â€Å"are usually well developed by school age† children and are also â€Å"most clearly and consistently observed in the school and classroom environment† (p.  170).For the parent, ADHD is a disorder that should be given strict consideration as it may greatly affect their child’s school performance and overall mental development. The article gives a detailed account of the history of ADHD, consistently citing earlier researches conducted in examining the disorder. The article also emphasizes the previous criteria in determining t he disorder. In essence, Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) argue that DSM-IV as a new criteria for the prevalence of ADHD.In their research, the authors obtained teachers who will fill-up a behavior rating scale for their students. Children from kindergarten to fifth grade in a middle Tennessee county participated in a second study under the same research. Moreover, the questionnaires used in the research consisted of a modified teacher rating scale in order to fit the DSM-IV. In the studies, a principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was used. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) found similarities among the studies and that ADHD is indeed a prevalent disorder among school children.With DSM-IV as the new criteria, the researchers confirm that the scope of ADHD is more prevalent than we may already know. From the perspective of the parent, it can hardly be denied that the behaviors of their children may reflect symptoms of ADHD in one way or another. By noting the research findings of Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996), parents may soon realize that their children may have ADHD or show symptoms of the disorder. It may cause a reason for alarm which can ultimately result to an increase in the efforts of parents to constantly monitor their children’s behavior both at home and in school.I have learned that ADHD is indeed a serious disorder because it is prevalent among children who, in their young age, are still on the verge of learning many things which are basic to one’s life. If that is the case, ADHD poses a threat on the younger generation of learners which should be a sufficient reason for the learning institutions and key officers to assess the school services being provided and to create measures which will address the symptoms of the disorder manifested by young learners with ADHD. Without doubt, my perspective towards ADHD and those who have it has changed.The prevalence of ADHD among children taught me that the disorder is not a si mple problem which has a ready-made solution. Because the disorder is primarily rooted in the human brain, one’s attitude towards children with ADHD should not be in a harsh way. Learning to treat children with the disorder with respect and understanding is a must. If the facts presented by Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) are not compelling enough, I cannot think of any other compelling force to make people rethink their attitudes towards people with ADHD.In case one may wonder, the research done by the authors of the article is a credible research primarily because the authors have accurately and objectively presented their findings with no regard to personal bias. More importantly, the authors have the authority and scholastic records to back-up their efforts in the research. For one, Mark Wolraich is the Child Development Center’s director as well as a Professor of Pediatrics in Vanderbilt University Medical Center.On the other hand, Anna Baumgaertel is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics in the same university. Apart from the thing that the authors have presented, there are still other things I would like to know. For instance, can ADHD last a lifetime? Inasmuch as ADHD can be acquired by children at a young age, does it also indicate that the disorder can be carried over to one’s adulthood or later years on life? Hyperactivity is one of the symptoms in determining if a person has the disorder.But it is certainly not the sole defining symptom in identifying traces of ADHD in a person’s behavior. If that is the case, then it is more than likely that grown-ups and the elderly may also manifest ADHD. Or is it? Another thing that I would like to know is whether ADHD can be directly cured by medicines or medical and surgical operations. Since the disorder has strong relation to a person’s brain, can doctors make use of brain surgery in order to ‘correct’ what seems to be a flaw in one’s brain and eventuall y relieve the person suffering from ADHD?Or can it be the case that continuous medication through pills or perhaps through injection of medicine in the form of fluids can result to an immediate and long-lasting cure for the disorder? Lastly, if ADHD is best manifested through the behavior of children, what can parents do in order to counter or at least lessen the possibility for children with the disorder to suddenly turn towards a hyperactive state?It seems much is yet to be explored about the nature of ADHD and those who suffer from it. For the moment, it is sufficient to know that the disorder is a serious problem and necessitates serious solutions for both parents, teachers and doctors. Reference Wolraich, M. & Baumgaertel, A. (1996). The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Based on the New DSM-IV Criteria. Peabody Journal of Education, 71 (4), 168-186. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (abbreviated as ADHD) is a term that used to describe a range of behavior related problems leading to lower concentration and poor attention.   It is a problem which affects many people across all ages in the world.ADHD leads to development of many learning difficulties in children since they cannot pay full attention in class.  Ã‚   While some individuals may exhibit one condition alone, other may exhibit a wide range of conditions including impulsiveness, restlessness, hyperactivity, and many others.The severity of the condition depends on the range of symptoms that are exhibited by the child.   Apart from academic problems, children with ADHD also suffer from social problems and most of them have shown inability to socialize with their peers at home or at school. The condition is also known by other words like hyperkinetic due to the common factor of restlessness which is exhibited by children suffering from the condition.The conditio n can be categorized together with other neurobehavioral defects which affects a wide range of population.  Ã‚   However, ADHD is more prevalent in children although statistics shows that the condition affects close to 5% of the people in the world regardless of their age. The symptoms the conditions are more evident in children than in adults and are mainly noted in a close supervision set up like in schools.There is also gender variation in the prevalence of the condition and it has been diagnosed twice in males and females.   In some case, the disease has been shown to be chronic where more than 45% of individuals who are diagnosed with the condition in their early age progress with the symptoms late to their adulthood. As individuals grow, they develop coping mechanisms which decrease the prevalence of the symptoms of the condition in later adulthood.ADHD presents one of the greatest academic challenges that teachers have to deal with.   Unlike normal children who are atte ntive in class, ADHD children exhibit a wide range of attention difficult which affects their academic performance.Therefore it is the duty of the teacher to come up with working strategies to help ADHD children to perform like the rest in class. There are various strategies that have already been proved quite effective in assisting ADHD children to improve their academic performance.  This paper will discuss ADHD in school going children. The paper will first have an overview of ADHD including its definition, pathopysiology, symptoms, and treatment. Then it will review the   social and academic difficulties that ADHD children goes through and finally it will review strategies that can be used by teachers to help students with ADHD to perform well in class.ADHDADHD was first recorded by Scottish physician Alexander Crinchton in 1798. Alexander described a condition resulting to mental restlessness which is very similar to the modern  Ã‚   diagnoses of ADHD.   However, ADHD w as recognized in 1902 by a British pediatrics George Fredrick.   Fredrick also defined a condition which was very similar to ADHD but he recognized it as an abnormal physical condition affecting children which as more evident in their studies (Cleave and Leslie, 2008).Extensive research on ADHD has shown that it can be caused by biological or environment factors and the combination of the two aggravates the symptoms of the condition.  Ã‚   According to Cleave and Leslie (2008), there are three biological factors which can predispose individual to develop the symptoms of the condition including;Child temperament   which   lead to   varied change in attitude and   personality Genetic factors   including inheritance of the condition   from parents   or close relatives Accidents leading to damage of the brain tissues which can be due to pre-birth problems or trauma which leads to hypotoxic damage of the brain Environmental causes have also been linked to development of the condition.   Environmental causes include a wide range of factors that compose the growth environment (Stern and Stern, 2002).There are wide ranges of environment factors which can predispose individuals to the development of the condition including the family stress, the style of parenting earlier difficulties faced in education, growth in  Ã‚   areas prone to negative behaviors like violence, peer influence, and many others. For example, research has shown that children who grow up with violent parents or alcoholic parents are prone to development of symptoms of the condition than others.In the United States ADHD has remained on of the most controversial social and medical issue.   Different stakeholders like medics, social workers, media, and others have all questioned the diagnoses criteria in ADHD with some arguing that the condition is over diagnosed by the present DSM-IV criteria.However this controversy in the diagnoses criteria stems from the systematic developme nt of the diagnoses tool keeping into consideration that ADHD cannot be diagnosed using clinical signs.

Persistent Organic Pollutants and Food Allergy Essay

long-lived organic pollutants (POPs) ar compounds humorh cyclic, halogenated and atomic number 18 organic in spirit characteristics that impart st equalness in their structures (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and OLeary, 1995). Because of its structural stability, POPs decl ar degradation while its organic nature makes its solubility high in lipide or organic solvent provided low in water and in other inorganic solvents. Additionally, their semi-volatile nature allows them to equal in vapor or be deposited on atmospheric particulates.Food allergy is a upshot of the abnormal retort of the tree trunks resistant organization to fodders that may cause grave nausea and correct death (U. S. subdivision of wellness and tender Services, 2007). It is mistakenly associated with nutrient superstition which is a digestive problem and tush not be attributed to food allergy. In addition, food intolerance is not caused by the action of the immune agreement kind of by the lack of special metabolic enzyme needed in the digestion of a ill-tempered food (U. S. Department of health and world Services, 2007). Individuals with familial allergy background be prone to food allergies and other hypersensitized diseases similar asthma.Meanwhile, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, lungs, throat, and skin are often sites of supersensitive reactions (U. S. Department of wellness and military personnel Services, 2007). Persistent Organic Pollutants Organo-halogenated compounds such(prenominal) as toxaphene, chlordane, dieldrin, dibenzo-p-dioxins, DDT, dibenzo-p-furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs are know for their structural stability and environmental persistence, thus, bioaccumulation terminuss as they continuously flow in the bionomical food chain (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and OLeary, 1995). As an example, PCBs resist degradation for several geezerhood and biomagnify by 70,000 folds.Since POPs are semi-volatile, they evaporate f rom solid regions and condense in geographical rural areas alike(p) mountain terrains and Polar Regions (California Breast pubic louse Research Program, 2007). These properties permeated PCBs in worldwide prescribes including Antarctic, arctic, and empty regions where chemical plants do not exist. close POPs came from anthropogenic sources like industrial business and foliar applications of pesticides and insecticides while others such as dioxins and furans are just by-products of the manufacturing process, waste incineration, forest fires, and metallurgic processes (Environmental Literacy Council, 2008).As such, the presence of PCBs in furthermost flung places is a manifestation of its worldwide-dispersal from several industrial sources. In fact, fifteen nanograms per cubic clip of PCBs concentration have been analyzed in the atmosphere of industrialized areas and different places over the world (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and OLeary, 1995). Thus, the PCBs pres ence in rain and snow would not be a surprise. Exposure to POPs by actor of food consumption, industrial occupation, and pollutants may have to toxicity.POPs lipophilicity or high solubility in lipids in match with its structural stability and biomagnification in the food chain result to high risk of bioaccumulation and toxicity among financial backing organisms. More than these, metabolic conversion of POPs into to a greater extent persistent compounds is also possible. Researches conducted on this guinea pig showed the correlations of PCBs ingestion with the dysfunction of endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, screwingcer, neurobehavioral disorders and nigh child abnormalities (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and OLeary, 1995).Moreover, exposure to POPs has been correlated with a decrease in the people of marine organisms like dolphins, whales, and fish species (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and OLeary, 1995). Food Allergy Food allergens are proteins in f oods that after digestion run by means of the blood blow to limited consistence move and instaurations allergic reactions (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). supersensitive reactions may take place either at the specific prison cells or within the whole body (Jackson, 2003). The continuance of digestive process determines the possible time and location of the allergic reactions.If one is highly sensitive to substances turn in in food, by merely just chewing the food allergic reaction may abrasion at the mouth. Most of the time stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea are observe after eating which indicate allergic reactions. After food digestion, food allergens flow through the bloods stream and may trigger blood storm lowering. Nonetheless, reaching the skin, mouth, and lungs, may cause hives, itchiness, and raze smothering (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Antibodies or immunoglobulins are protein substances secreted by B-lymphocy tes to study against antigens or allergens (Jackson, 2003).Antigens are exuded by bacterium or other microorganisms which brings sensible infections. However, the out-of-door production of antibodies may cause complaint (Jackson, 2003). Meanwhile, potential antigens are also present in dust, pollens and foods. By means of precede contact, inhalation or consumption of these antigens, the body generates appropriate antibodies to combat their infectious set up (Jackson, 2003). The immune system has two successive actions leading to allergic reaction. During the digestion of foods, the immune system produces immunoglobulin-E (immunoglobulin E), an antibody which is protein in nature (U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Then, IgE adheres with basophils and mast cells find in blood and body tissues respectively. This food-specific antibody educes the cells to elicit chemicals like histamine which in turn produces allergy (U. S. Department of Health and Human Serv ices, 2007). Mechanism of Allergic Reaction The production of allergens signals the action and circulation of IgE through the blood stream to bodily parts. The IgE molecule has a specific site for antigen binding and receptor-specific end for cell attachment. Then, the IgE attracts antigen as it binds on the locate of the cell (Jackson, 2003).As such, the cell is incited by the antigen to generate antibodies. The cell becomes sensitive to the ensuant attacks of the same antigens and autonomic reaction develops. Thus, as the cell detects the presence of the antigen, it educes biologically combat-ready and other proinflammatory substances like histamines and leukotrienes (Jackson, 2003). These substances trigger the inflammatory response of the cell resulting to an change magnitude blood supply and other immune system components on the affected area that can be observed as itching and swelling (Jackson, 2003).Since mast cells and basophils are fixed in different body parts, warm allergic reactions are often observed in some individuals who are highly sensitive with allergies. As a result of allergen absorption and wide circulation of chemical mediators, the body can be systematically draped with allergic reactions (Jackson, 2003). The intestine has defensive barriers that balk the entry and contact of any antigens with the mast cells (Jackson, 2003). Also, the wild sweet pea wall is covered with viscous mucus secreted by the lining cells.This mucus has overprotective substances acting as antiseptic coupled with the help of antibodies. Then, epithelial cells are located below the mucus membrane, which generate enzymes that can deactivate histamine and other bioactive substances (Jackson, 2003). Allergens that may pass across the layer of epithelial cells can be deactivated by antibodies without inflammatory response production. If the antigens were able to escape all these mechanisms, mast cells covered by IgE produce chemical mediators that in turn ca use inflammatory response (Jackson, 2003). ConclusionThe genetic predisposition causes individuals with familial allergic history to become susceptible to allergic reactions as triggered by specific antibody or allergen. As a result, asthma, rhinitis, and even anaphylaxis can be observed wit these individuals (Jackson, 2003). This inborn allergic disposal is called atopy, thus, individuals in this condition are tagged as atopic. On the other hand, contemporary opening on the nature of allergy suggested that the preponderance of allergy-related cases nowadays can be attributed to the contemporary life style (Jackson, 2003).For instance, drug word of a mother during pregnancy and infants medication may render to early acquisition of allergic tendency due to the bodys indecent reaction with drugs (Jackson, 2003). Also, the inhalation of bacteria or other microorganism through air pollutants and other atmospheric particulates that may imply persistent organic pollutants or POPs energise the immune system to produce antibodies then, allergic reactions spontaneously occur.